不同氮效率油菜种质苗期氮吸收转运与利用差异研究

氮效率研究是油菜营养性状遗传改良的前提,为探究不同氮效率油菜种质苗期氮吸收、转运和利用的异同,以2个氮效率差异油菜种质H6（氮高效）和L18（氮低效）为供试材料,利用水培营养液设置正常氮（CK）和低氮（LN）2个氮浓度处理,培养14d后检测植株氮含量,计算氮累积量、氮转运系数和氮利用效率。结果显示,不同氮浓度处理对油菜苗期氮的吸收、转运和利用效率影响的差异达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）。与CK相比,LN处理的油菜生物量、氮含量和氮累积量均显著降低,而氮利用效率和根冠比显著提高;氮高效油菜种质H6的生物量、氮累积量、氮转运系数和氮生理利用效率均显著大于氮低效种质L18,分别为L18的2.07、1.42、3.23和1.56倍。从氮的吸收、转运和利用3个方面探讨了低氮胁迫处理下油菜种质苗期氮效率差异的原因,对深入开展油菜氮高效机理研究及油菜品种氮效率改良具有一定的指导意义。     

太子参须提取物对鸭流感病毒体外试验初探

为尝试性探究太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长的抑制作用,本文基于TCID50试验检测鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外感染不同处理组的MDCK细胞。结果表明,太子参须提取物高低剂量组(75%、25%)和黄芪多糖阳性对照组均对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长产生抑制,且太子参须提取物高剂量组(75%)的抑制作用最优。结论:太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒在MDCK细胞上的体外增殖具有一定抑制作用,且呈相应剂量关系。     

Aux/IAA基因家族鉴定及对大豆茎尖发育的调控作用分析

Aux/IAA 基因家族在植物茎尖发育过程发挥重要作用。为了探究大豆Aux/IAA 基因家族在大豆茎尖发育过程的调控作用，本文以拟南芥Aux/IAA 基因家族蛋白序列为参照鉴定了大豆全基因组Aux/IAA 家族基因，包括63个成员；然后以拟南芥、鹰嘴豆和大豆的Aux/IAA 家族为研究对象，比对这些基因全长氨基酸序列并构建进化树，结果表明三种作物的Aux/IAA 家族成员间亲缘关系差异明显，进化过程中同源重组频率不同；进而利用RNA-seq技术分析东农594（DN）、Charleston（CH）及二者杂交后代的RIL群体的高矮秆池（WH、WS）和F2群体的高矮秆池（JH、JS）的差异表达基因及其功能，共有17个Aux/IAA 基因在3组材料中差异表达。CHvsDN组有15个差异表达基因，JHvsJS组有2个，WHvsWS组只有1个；其中，Glyma.10G180100 在JHvsJS组和WHvsWS组均差异表达，这些结果为进一步研究大豆Aux/IAA 基因家族的功能及调控茎尖发育提供理论依据。     

西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。     

探析市政道路桥梁加固设计的方法

近些年,随着建筑行业的发展,我国的道路桥梁建设也得到不断发展。而随着道路桥梁建设的不断推进,越来越多的人开始关注道路桥梁的安全问题。因此对加固技术在道路桥梁施工中应用的必要性进行分析的基础上阐述了桥梁维修加固机理及存在的问题,最后全面解析了市政道路桥梁维修与加固施工技术实践要点,希望可以给相关工作人员提供帮助。     

基于智能算法的猪饲料配方优化数学模型

在多种原料配比过程中，营养指标因素复杂的实际情况及控制成本保证收益的现实需求，文章结合智能算法背景，进行猪饲料配方优化设计，建立猪饲料配方模型，采用智能算法求解饲料配方的过程，对于生猪饲料配方进行建模，同时优化出饲料配方。结果表明，智能算法的猪饲料配方优化能够解决多种原料配比以及多个营养指标复杂因素，实现快速计算和生产处理，对企业生产者、销售经营者、实际消费者具有十分重大的价值与现实意义。 [关键词]智能算法|猪饲料|配方优化|数学模型     

基于卷积神经网络的玉米病害识别方法研究

为解决传统的玉米病害识别方法中特征提取主观性强及误识率高的问题,提出利用卷积神经网络对玉米病害进行识别。以玉米病害图像和健康图像共5种类别的玉米图像为研究对象,并采用LeNet模型进行试验。首先,按照8∶2的比例为每种玉米病害图像选择训练集和测试集。然后,通过试验组合和对比分析的方法比较不同卷积神经网络结构设置对准确率的影响,选出最佳参数。另外,选用Adam算法代替SGD算法来优化模型,通过指数衰减法调整学习率,将L2正则项添加到交叉熵函数中,并选择Dropout策略和ReLU激励函数。最后,确定了一个10层CNN网络结构。试验结果显示,玉米花叶病、灰斑病、锈病、叶斑病和玉米健康识别率分别为95.83%、90.57%、100%、93.75%、100%,平均识别率达96%,平均计算时间为0.15 s。经试验结果比较,该模型识别效果明显高于传统方法,为玉米病害的防治提供技术支持。     

Impact of climate change on maize yield in China from 1979 to 2016

Climate change severely impacts agricultural production, which jeopardizes food security. China is the second largest maize producer in the world and also the largest consumer of maize. Analyzing the impact of climate change on maize yields can provide effective guidance to national and international economics and politics. Panel models are unable to determine the group-wise heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional correlation and autocorrelation of datasets, therefore we adopted the feasible generalized least square(FGLS) model to evaluate the impact of climate change on maize yields in China from 1979–2016 and got the following results:(1) During the 1979–2016 period, increases in temperature negatively impacted the maize yield of China. For every 1°C increase in temperature, the maize yield was reduced by 5.19 kg 667 m–2(1.7%). Precipitation increased only marginally during this time, and therefore its impact on the maize yield was negligible. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by an insignificant amount of 0.043 kg 667 m–2(0.014%).(2) The impacts of climate change on maize yield differ spatially, with more significant impacts experienced in southern China. In this region, a 1°C increase in temperature resulted in a 7.49 kg 667 m–2 decrease in the maize yield, while the impact of temperature on the maize yield in northern China was insignificant. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by 0.013 kg 667 m–2 in southern China and 0.066 kg 667 m–2 in northern China.(3) The resilience of the maize crop to climate change is strong. The marginal effect of temperature in both southern and northern China during the 1990–2016 period was smaller than that for the 1979–2016 period.     

Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.